CREATE – to create objects in the database ALTER – alters the structure of the database DROP – delete objects from the database TRUNCATE – remove all records from a table, including all spaces allocated for the records are removed COMMENT – add comments to the data dictionary RENAME – rename an object
DML 数据操纵\处理方法，主要是查询、插入等常见的数据库操作 Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements are used for managing data within schema objects. Some examples:
SELECT – retrieve data from the a database INSERT – insert data into a table UPDATE – updates existing data within a table DELETE – deletes all records from a table, the space for the records remain MERGE – UPSERT operation (insert or update) CALL – call a PL/SQL or Java subprogram EXPLAIN PLAN – explain access path to data LOCK TABLE – control concurrency
DCL 数据控制方法，主要是涉及权限的事情，在hive中可以设置表格不被删除，仅供查询类似权限 Data Control Language (DCL) statements. Some examples:
GRANT – gives user’s access privileges to database REVOKE – withdraw access privileges given with the GRANT command
TCL 直白的翻译就是交易控制，这些看了下面相关的理论你会发现这根数据库事务处理相关，比如涉及到回滚之类 Transaction Control (TCL) statements are used to manage the changes made by DML statements. It allows statements to be grouped together into logical transactions.
COMMIT – save work done SAVEPOINT – identify a point in a transaction to which you can later roll back ROLLBACK – restore database to original since the last COMMIT SET TRANSACTION – Change transaction options like isolation level and what rollback segment to use
